Tooth Decay

Tooth decay is one of the most common dental diseases faced by adults and children alike. Left untreated, it will result in cavities, pain, and even tooth loss. However, tooth decay is largely preventable. We will discuss what causes tooth decay, the signs to watch for, and how you can keep your teeth healthy.

What is Tooth Decay?

Tooth decay, also known as dental caries, occurs when the hard components of the tooth (enamel and dentine) are demineralised and broken down by the effect of bacteria on dietary sugars.

This breakdown happens when harmful bacteria in your mouth metabolise sugar into acid that erode the enamel, the protective outer layer of your teeth. Over time, this can lead to cavities, small holes in the teeth, which, if untreated, can penetrate deeper layers of the tooth, causing pain, infection, and eventual tooth loss.

Causes of Tooth Decay

1. Plaque Formation

   - The primary cause of decay is due to the action of plaque on sugar in our diet. This begins with the formation of plaque, a sticky film composed of bacteria, that forms on your teeth. When you consume sugary or starchy foods, the bacteria in plaque feed on this and produce acids that attack tooth enamel.

2. Frequent Snacking on Sugary Foods & Drinks

   - Each time we eat or drink sugary and starchy food & drink, we provide a fuel source for the bacteria that cause tooth decay. The bacteria convert sugar into acid, which damages the enamel and demineraises hard tooth structure. Our saliva is able to neutralise the acid and start to repair this damage. However, it takes approximately 45 minutes or more for this to occur. If this happens a few times in the day then there is a balance between damage and repair. The problems arise when we are frequently grazing on sugary things and there is a constant state of damage to the teeth, the saliva can’t keep up with the repairs.

Sugary foods and drinks include natural sugars like fruit, honey, sweets, and even carbohydrates.

3. Poor Oral Hygiene

  - Inadequate brushing and flossing allows plaque to build up on your teeth, increasing the likelihood of acid production and enamel erosion. Without regular cleaning, plaque can harden into tartar, which is more difficult to remove and provides more hiding spots for the plaque.

4. Dry Mouth

   - Saliva plays a crucial role in neutralizing acids in your mouth and washing away food particles. A lack of saliva, often caused by certain medications, medical conditions, or dehydration, greatly increases the risk of tooth decay.

5. Acidic Foods and Drinks

   - Consuming foods and drinks that are high in acids, such as citrus fruits, carbonated and fizzy drinks, can contribute to the erosion of tooth enamel, making it more susceptible to decay.

6. Receding Gums

   - As gums recede due gum disease, or improper brushing, they expose the roots of your teeth, which are more vulnerable to decay because they lack the protective enamel.

7. Genetics

   - Some people are genetically predisposed to weaker enamel or may have higher levels of harmful bacteria in their mouths, increasing their susceptibility to tooth decay.

Signs and Symptoms of Tooth Decay

- The most common symptom is sensitivity to hot, cold, or sweet foods and drinks. However, this does not exclusively indicate the presence of decay.

- Brown, black or frosty white marks on the surface of a tooth.

- If ignored, this can progress to pain and toothache.

- For some people decay is painless. The first sign is when a hole forms or the tooth breaks.

If you notice any of these symptoms, it’s important to visit your dentist promptly to investigate the issue.

Preventing Tooth Decay

Preventing tooth decay involves adopting good oral hygiene practices and making mindful choices about your diet and lifestyle. Here are some effective strategies:

1. Brush Twice a Day:

   - Brush your teeth at least twice a day with fluoride or alternatively with hydroxyapatite toothpaste. This helps strengthen enamel, making it more resistant to acid attacks.

2. Floss Daily

   - Flossing removes plaque and food particles from between your teeth where your toothbrush can't reach.

3. Limit the frequency of Sugary and Acidic Foods

   - Reduce your intake of sugary snacks, soft drinks, and acidic foods. If you do consume them, try to do so during meal times.

4. Chew Sugar-Free Gum

   - Chewing sugar-free gum after meals can help stimulate saliva production, which naturally cleanses the mouth and neutralises acids.

5. Regular Dental Checkups

   - Visit your dentist regularly for checkups and professional cleanings. Your dentist can detect early signs of decay and provide preventative treatments.

Summary

Tooth decay is a common dental problem, but with the right approach, it’s one that you can largely prevent. By understanding the causes and taking proactive steps in your daily routine, you can protect your teeth from decay and enjoy a healthy, beautiful smile for years. If you have concerns about tooth decay or need advice on maintaining your oral health, don’t hesitate to reach out.